Claddagh Rings Essay

Today’s society is extremely fashion and style conscious. Most styles and trends are in one day and out the next, from clothing, jewelry, and accessories. However some trends are timeless and never go out of style, like the Irish Claddagh ring. But what is the origin of the jewelry and why is it still such a popular trend today? All these questions can be explained by looking at the origin, legends, meaning, and usage of the ring. The history of the Claddagh ring is surrounded in uncertainty due to the many popular folk stories that circulating around the origins of the ring. However what we do know for certain is that the ring originated from the Irish town of Claddagh(cite48). Claddagh was a small fishing village outside the city of Galway (cite48). This is where the name of the ring comes from. As with most story there are always many variations, in the case of the Claddagh ring and its origins there are numerous. One variation is how Margaret Joyce took the fortune inherited from her late husband, a Spanish merchant, and used it for charitable causes. She was reward for her charitably when a eagle one day dropped the the original Claddagh ring into her lap. cite48) The most likely legend of the rings origin is generally attributed to Richard Joyce. It goes that around 1675 Joyce was captured by Algerian pirates and sold as a slave while traveling to the West Indies. Joyce was sold to a Turkish goldsmith who taught him his craft. Joyce was released after William III was accession to the throne of England in 1689 and released all prisoners held captive by the Moors. Joyce served his master for fourteen years and when released his master offered half his wealth and his daughters hand in marriage if Joyce would continue to practice under him. Joyce declined this offer and returned to Claddagh where he married, had his on business as a silversmith and created the first Claddagh ring. The historical facts from this version of the story hold more truth to the origins of the ring then any other legend given that King William III did in fact release all Moors’ slaves. (cite 48 49) The Claddagh ring has a distinctive design. It features two hands clasping a heart that is surmounted with a crown. The ring itself is a symbol of love and marriage. Its believed that the heart represents love, the hand friendship, and the crown loyalty(cite 49). Going back to Richard Joyce if he is, and mostly likely was, the creator of the Claddagh ring the design itself depicts his loyalty and love of his country, since he did refused his masters offers to come home to Ireland. The Claddagh ring when created was used as a wedding or betrothal ring passed down from mother to daughter during a time of marriage (cite 49). This tradition it ensured the survival of the ring. (cite 49. ) The rings unique design also ensured its survival because it could be worn by both sex since it represents friendship and loyalty. Claddagh rings are still a expression of romance today. Today you can find the Claddagh symbol on different types of Celtic crosses, pendants, candles, and other jewelry. Its popularity in today’s society has been boosted threw media and pop culture, with celebrities wearing the ring and movies like Ladder 41, which describes how they way in which one wears the ring shows if they are in love or still open to friendship. Regardless of which legend of how the ring originated is true the facts is that the Claddagh ring has survived through history, keeping a symbolic meaning that is still significant.

Financial Management of Goldman Sachs

To ensure adequate returns to the shareholders which will depend upon the earning capacity, market price of the share, expectations of the shareholders. 3. To ensure optimum funds utilization. Once the funds are procured, they should be utilized in maximum possible way at least cost. 4. To ensure safety on investment, i. e, funds should be invested in safe ventures so that adequate rate of return can be achieved. 5. To plan a sound capital structure-There should be sound and fair composition of capital so that a balance is maintained between debt and equity capital.Functions of Financial Management: 1. Estimation of capital requirements: A finance manager has to make estimation with regards to capital requirements of the company. This will depend upon expected costs and profits and future programmes and policies of a concern. Estimations have to be made in an adequate manner which increases earning capacity of enterprise. 2. Determination of capital composition: Once the estimation h ave been made, the capital structure have to be decided. This involves short- term and long- term debt equity analysis.This will depend upon the proportion of equity capital a company is possessing and additional funds which have to be raised from outside parties. 3. Choice of sources of funds: For additional funds to be procured, a company has many choices like- a. Issue of shares and debentures b. Loans to be taken from banks and financial institutions c. Public deposits to be drawn like in form of bonds. Choice of factor will depend on relative merits and demerits of each source and period of financing. 4.Investment of funds: The finance manager has to decide to allocate funds into profitable ventures so that there is safety on investment and regular returns is possible. 5. Disposal of surplus: The net profits decision have to be made by the finance manager. This can be done in two ways: d. Dividend declaration – It includes identifying the rate of dividends and other bene fits like bonus. e. Retained profits – The volume has to be decided which will depend upon expansional, innovational, diversification plans of the company. 6.Management of cash: Finance manager has to make decisions with regards to cash management. Cash is required for many purposes like payment of wages and salaries, payment of electricity and water bills, payment to creditors, meeting current liabilities, maintainance of enough stock, purchase of raw materials, etc. 7. Financial controls: The finance manager has not only to plan, procure and utilize the funds but he also has to exercise control over finances. This can be done through many techniques like ratio analysis, financial forecasting, cost and profit control, etc.Goldman Sachs is a leading global investment banking, securities and investment management firm that provides a wide range of financial services to a substantial and diversified client base that includes corporations, financial institutions, governments and high-net-worth individuals. When we use the terms â€Å"Goldman Sachs,† â€Å"the firm,† â€Å"we,† â€Å"us† and â€Å"our,† we mean The Goldman Sachs Group, Inc. (Group Inc. ), a Delaware corporation, and its consolidated subsidiaries. References to â€Å"this Form 10-K† are to our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2011.All references to 2011, 2010 and 2009 refer to our fiscal years ended, or the dates, as the context requires, December 31, 2011, December 31, 2010 and December 31, 2009, respectively. Group Inc. is a bank holding company and a financial holding company regulated by the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System (Federal Reserve Board). Our U. S. depository institution subsidiary, Goldman Sachs Bank USA (GS Bank USA), is a New York State-chartered bank. As of December 2011, we had offices in over 30 countries and 48% of our total staff was based outside the Americas (which includes the countries in North and South America).Our clients are located worldwide, and we are an active participant in financial markets around the world. In 2011, we generated 38% of our net revenues outside the Americas. BUSINESS PRINCIPLE Our clients’ interests always come first. Our experience shows that if we serve our clients well, our own success will follow. Our assets are our people, capital and reputation. If any of these is ever diminished, the last is the most difficult to restore. We are dedicated to complying fully with the letter and spirit of the laws, rules and ethical principles that govern us.Our continued success depends upon unswerving adherence to this standard. Our goal is to provide superior returns to our shareholders. Profitability is critical to achieving superior returns, building our capital, and attracting and keeping our best people. Significant employee stock owinership aligns the interests of our employees and our shareholders. We take great pride in th e professional quality of our work. We have an uncompromising determination to achieve excellence in everything we undertake. Though we may be involved in a wide vvariety and heavy volume of aactivity, we would, if it came to a choice, rather be best than biggest.We stress creativity and imagination in everything we do. While recognizing that the old way may still be the best way, we constantly strive to find a better solution to a client’s problems. We pride ourselves on having pioneered many of the practices and techniques that have become standard in the industry. We make an unusual effort to identify and recruit the very best person for every job. Although our activities are measured in billions of dollars, we select our people one by one. In a service business, we know that without the best people, we cannot be the best firm.We offer our people the oopportunity to move ahead more rapidly than is possible at most other places. Advancement depends on merit and we have yet to find the limits to the responsibility our best people are able to assume. For us to be successful, our men and women must reflect the diversity of the communities and cultures in which we operate. That mearns we must attract, retain and motivate people from many backgrounds and perspectives. Being diverse is not optional; it is what we must be. We stress teamwork in everything we do. While individual creativity is always encouraged, we have found that team effort often produces the best results.

Evolutionary Theory Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Evolutionary Theory - Case Study Example Numerous species have not been named and as such lumping of organisms together as belonging to the genus and species classes may be incorrect as the case in the repopulation program in the Islands of St. Kitts and the neighboring Island of Nevis. These two species of rodents appear to be identical in morphological features and that is the reason why they were taken to be of the same species. However, their morphological similarities have nothing to do their genetic makeups since the DNA (Deoxy-Ribonucleic acid) are quite distinct from each other. The differences in DNA can be explained through concepts of evolutionary theories of natural selection of stabilizing selection and diversifying selection    This is a type of natural selection that experiences genetic diversity decrease in a population that that is stabilizing. It has been argued that this is the most common way through which natural selection takes place. As such, the stabilization process employs negative selection which results in organisms with intermediate phenotypes being selected. In the case of the two islands, it is quite clear that the rodents from the St. Kitts Island underwent a stabilizing selection because their traits seem to be normal or not very much different from those of the rodents from the other island of Nevis. Probably, the two islands were connected and after a natural disaster like an earthquake, they became separated. It follows that those rodents that had intermediate phenotypes were selected over those that had extreme phenotypes hence the development of the new distinct species. Diversifying selection is used to refer to the exact opposite of stabilizing selection whereby the extreme phenotypes in organisms are naturally selected over the intermediate phenotypes. This can be explained by the studies done by Charles Darwin in the Galapagos Island with regards to the finch populations.

Do not need to divide it Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Do not need to divide it - Coursework Example (CVE-2003-0352, 2003) On knowing about the identification of this vulnerability in its primary product, Microsoft released a bulletin with a patch to plug the hole in the system. It did turn out to be successful and Microsoft released it through the "Microsoft Security Bulletin MS03-026†. On the release of it, Microsoft recommended all of its Windows users to immediately install the patch so that any further severe damage could be prohibited. The severity of the threat depends on the impact of the exploitation made on this vulnerability. (Microsoft Security Bulletin MS03-026 2003) The report details about the technical specifications of the vulnerability, its severity level if it is exploited in a Windows operating system, the methods and details about how it is exploited and the consequences that it could lead to a system. The report also aims to provide details on methods that could be used as mitigation processes in solving this vulnerability. ... (Reuvid 2004) The severity level of threats that could be experienced with this vulnerability was very critical. Most of the networking systems depended on the remote connectivity that was capable in Windows with the help of these interfaces. As a result, critical business functions that completely depended on Networking came under severe threat. The versions of Windows that were affected by this vulnerability includes 2000, NT, 2003 and even Windows XP. More severe consequences were faced by those systems, which did not have a proper firewall system. Before gaining details on the vulnerability and how it is exploited, it is mandatory to know about the protocols that have been used as the medium of access for the vulnerability exploiters. RPC and DCOM protocols RPC - Remote Procedure Call as defined by Microsoft is, "a protocol used by the Windows operating system. RPC provides an inter-process communication mechanism that allows a program running on one computer to seamlessly execut e code on a remote system. The protocol itself is derived from the Open Software Foundation (OSF) RPC protocol, but with the addition of some Microsoft specific extensions†. (Microsoft Security Bulletin MS03-026, 2003) The Distributed Component Object Model also called as the DCOM protocol allows for a seamless communication across several networks for multiple software accessories. The result of which is a direct communication which is uninterrupted and can be easily established across networks that are using different transport mediums. Examples of such network transport protocols include the universally accepted Hyper Text Transfer Protocol – HTTP.

Guidance to Simmons Ltd Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Guidance to Simmons Ltd - Essay Example The paper will explore possible merits and disadvantages of the two sources together with their associated legal implications towards a profound judgment. Capital markets and loans offered by commercial banks posse’s different features and characteristics that derive varied legal implications. Financing through capital markets for instance grants control and supervisory authority to the financiers over management of the financed institution. Subsequently, it leads to legal obligations by a company and its management towards interests and opinions of the financiers over the company. Commercial banks as a source of finance also impute a variety of legal liabilities on the borrowing entities such as provisions for loan repayment together with interest. (Sagar Rachna, 2005, 132). Failure to fulfill repayment terms would amount to breach of contract and further resources in litigations (Miller Roger, Iollowell William, 2010, 106-108). Though other aspects of capital market such as fixed securities exhibits similar legal conditions as loans from commercial banks, issuance of shares have distinct property in which the company is not under legal duty to repay. (Longenecker Justin & Loeza Ma, 2010, 311). Bank loans on the other hand have the disadvantage of varying interest rates within the repayment period. As a term to a contract, the company would be subjected to and legally bound by any act by the bank to increase the interest rate. This would in turn make the financing process more expensive (Padmalatha Suresh, 2011, 158). International bond issue and international syndicate bank term loan Just like the capital markets and commercial banks poses varying legal implications, issuance of international bonds and acquisition of loan from a syndicated banks impose a number of legal advantages and disadvantages. According to Livingston Miles, the two varieties of international bonds, â€Å"foreign bonds and Eurobonds† are subject to different regulations (Li vingston Miles, 1999, p. 249). While Eurobonds are issued in single currencies and are not subjected to legal restrictions, foreign bonds are issued in more than one currency across national markets in which they are sold. A Eurobond issued by a company in the United States in US dollars would be internationally sold in that currency while a foreign bond can be sold in any currency depending on the national market. Eurobonds are therefore characterized by simple legal formalities as they are not subjected to domestic laws. At the same time, Eurobonds are easily transferable and are not subjected to taxation. Foreign bonds on the other hand would require knowledge of the issuing company’s domestic national laws, a process that might me costly in legal fees. While Eurobonds are not strictly subjected to taxation due to its free transferability, a universal advantage of international bond issuance is that it provides a wider scope of finance source for institutions. Simmons Comp any therefore has a variety of options in the international bond market (Livingston Miles, 1999, p. 249), (Madura Jeff, 2009, p. 79). Syndicated bank loans are on the other hand viewed as an integrated approach that links features of traditional banking system to those of bond financing system. Consequently, it has been identified as a â€Å"more competitive†, â€Å"more market oriented and cost effective† source (Armstrong Jim, 2003, p. 23). Though the source is appropriate for large amount of finances, it requires significant disclosure of information by the borrower. The terms of

An economic issue due to interest Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

An economic issue due to interest - Essay Example Before President Bush left the office, he left behind a huge burden on the Americans economy that was used to finance two very expensive wars in the history of America. The debt runs for a period of years until 2011. This is what Obama government had to first deal with when he took over office in 2009. Sound economic policies guide a government to economic growth and expansion. In includes the changes made by the national budget that alters spending and taxes affecting the economy. Fiscal policies play an important role in driving the Americans economy especially after the great depression when the government decided to take a proactive role in guiding US economic affairs. The role of a fiscal policy is to influence macroeconomic productivity levels by increasing or reducing taxes and public spending. Each policy is distinct depending on what the government wants to correct or attain. For instance, a slow economy has high levels of employment, low levels of consumer spending, and les s business. Here, the government will fuel it by reducing the levels of taxation and increase the public spending. More money in circulation will increase consumer spending, boost businesses, and increase employment levels. However, the effects of fiscal policies differ with different economies. This is because in different economies one class or various classes of individuals are affected by a move to cut taxes or increase spending. For instance, in America, arguably only a small percentage pays taxes, which is about one percent of the population. Therefore, a move to increase tax or reduce tax will only affect a small percentage of the population. It is also unknown to what extent a government should get involved in an economy to get it moving, which leaves policy makers on a hanging balance. After Obama joined government, a fiscal policy of its kind was adopted in America to curb

Anglo American Plc report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Anglo American Plc report - Essay Example The five major categories of financial ratios are liquidity, financial leverage, asset efficiency, profitability, and market values (Peavler, 2013). The purpose of this report is to analyze the financial performance of the company Anglo American Plc by performing ratio analysis. Trend Analysis Anglo American A trend analysis of some key financial indicators of Anglo American is illustrated below. 2012 (millions) 2011 (millions) % change Sales 28761 30580 -5.94% Gross profit 2768 13237 -79.09% Expenses 30449 21141 44.03% Interest payable 798 695 14.82% Net profit before tax 138 10599 -98.70% Total assets 79369 72422 9.56% Total liabilities 35582 29253 17.79% Capital and reserves 37657 39092 -3.67% Advantages ratio analysis Ratio analysis is a tremendous analytic tool that can be used to evaluate the financial performance of an enterprise. One of the virtues of this type of analysis is that any person with access to the internet can extract the financial statements of a company to real ize the analysis. The basic formulas used as input in ratio analysis mostly utilize data from the financial statements of the company. The use of ratio analysis can help people instantly check weather a company is sound financially (Bott, 2013). Another advantage of ratio analysis is that the ratios can be compared against the performance of other companies or the industry. Financial ratios can also be compared against the financial ratio results of previous years. The ratio analysis performed on Anglo American in this paper includes the use of 21 different ratios. Ratio Analysis Anglo American The net margin of Anglo American in 2012 was -2.1%. Net margin measures the absolute profitability of a company. It is calculated dividing net profit by total sales. A negative net margin result is an unfavorable outcome. This ratio was chosen because it shows the profitability of the firm. In 2012 Anglo American obtained an earnings per share (EPS) metric of -$1.19. The company’s EPS went down by $3.91 since the previous fiscal year. Earnings per share is the portion of a company’s profit allocated to each outstanding share of common stock (Investopedia, 2013). EPS was selected because this metric influences the buying decisions of investors. The return on assets (ROA) of the company in 2012 was -0.8%. ROA is calculated by dividing net income by total assets. The reason I selected this ratio is because it shows how effective a company has been at generating profits from its assets. The efficiency of the company is an important aspect of the operations to measure. Anglo American achieved a return on equity (ROE) in 2012 of -1.4%. This metric measures the extent to which financial leverage is working towards benefiting the company. The formula to calculate return on equity is net income divided by total equity. ROE was used in this analysis because this metric demonstrates the ability of the firm to generate income from its equity. The debt ratio of the com pany is calculated dividing total debt by total assets. Anglo American had a debt ratio in 2012 of 0.45: 1. This ratio shows how well prepared the company is to pay off its long term debt. Anglo American does not seem to have overextended its debt position. The debt ratio was used in the analysis due to the fact that this ratio evaluates the long term solvency of the firm. Typically companies are in trouble when the debt ratio is too

JOHN AUGUSTUS AND EARLY PROBATION Research Paper

JOHN AUGUSTUS AND EARLY PROBATION - Research Paper Example It is the term that could be applied to the action of John Augustus when, in 1852, he bailed out an offender who was convicted for a conduct of misdemeanor. Howard Abadinsky (2009) narrated that he successfully proved before the Court that an offender has a chance to be rehabilitated and to become a good member of the society once again. In his first experience, Augustus saw in the offender the promise of behavior change. He also introduced investigation, which he carried out before he handled a case. Some features of his investigation process remained to be a part of the modern probation process. Augustus investigated the character, the age and influence of people he helped because he will be their guardian during the probation period. He also kept records of each offender which he surrendered to the court when probation period was over. This helped the judge to pass on a final decision. Maurice Vanstone (2009) discussed in his book that John Augustus was the first man to volunteer to become a probation officer, although at that time, probation was not yet established. His humanitarian motives could not be doubted because he worked for free. Although friends assisted him and donations poured in, his business as a shoemaker was eventually affected. He was not a lawyer, but he believed on the purpose of the law, that is for him is to â€Å"reform criminals, and to prevent crime, and not to punish maliciously, or from spirit of revenge†. His first focus was on drunkards but later on moved to other cases. He handled 2,000 cases of men, women, young and adult alike, with only 10 persons who jumped out of probation in all of his life. His crusade was not completely hassle-free because prosecutors, clerks of courts and policemen did not agree with him, since these men received a fee for cases disposed of by the Court. Thus, we see here professional jealousy, or corruption,

Japanese Music Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Japanese Music - Assignment Example The Japanese one is a vertical flute, and we taut an upper lip, a lower lip stays relaxed, so the instrument can produce fuller, brighter, and more "detailed" sounds, which the Western flute cant make because the lower lip is not relaxed. The laxity of the lower lip is of importance when different variations of pitch and timbre are produced. As for Elizabeth Reian Bennett, deceleration, elasticity of beat and pitch within a certain range, as well as the use of silence, breath, and articulation when playing the instrument are other crucial things to note the difference between two flutes. I think, the uniqueness of shakuhachi sound makes it desirable to take part in so many music genres. For example, aficionados of classical music will find some sophisticated and somewhat tangle features in shakuhachi sound while the lovers of jazz appreciate its rhythm and timbre. In my opinion, such music prefer adults rather than teenagers because among youngsters other types of modern music, such as pop, rap or electronics, are popular. But I am the teenager who have found wabi, sabi, and yugen in a piece of music that touched my

Term paper. book; churchill, Hitler, and the Unnecessary War Paper

. book; churchill, Hitler, and the Unnecessary War - Term Paper Example In his book the Gathering Storm, Sir Winston Churchill draws on the various failures of the Allies in the aftermath of the First World War that allowed events to lead to the Second World War. Sir Winston lays the blame of these failures at the doors of the United States of America, by its refusal to take an active role in the League of Nations, which prevented the allies being more forceful in resisting Hitler and his expansion plans prior to the start of the Second World War. Churchill, Hitler, and the Unnecessary War is Pat Buchanan’s riposte to this charge of Sir Winston Churchill. Pat Buchanan argues that the real culprit is Britain and Sir Winston Churchill, and their blunders that led to the Second World War. He buttresses this argument citing examples that start with the British decision to go to war with Germany in the event of an attack on France by Germany in 1906; abetting the Treaty of Versailles, whose terms were so denigrating to the Germans that it became possible for Hitler to rise to power; Winston Churchill’s role in the acceptance of American pressure to isolate Japan, leading to her entry into the war; sanctions against Italy in 1935 that led to Italy becoming a partner of Germany; the unasked for war guarantee to Poland in the case of an attack by Germany; and the blindness of Sir Winston Churchill to the actual ambitions of Stalin and Russia.

Economics case study Essay Example for Free

Economics case study Essay (a) Explain whether health care is a private , merit or public care (b) Is health care a free good? Explain your answer (c) Does the quote from the doctor suggest that the market for healthcare is in equilibrium? Again explain your answer (d) Compare the effects of an improvement in the quality of product provided by the NHS and that provided by a private health care company (e) Explain 2 meanings of the word efficiency (f) What is likely to happen to private sector firms which are not efficient? (g) In which market structure is information about best practice likely to be most freely available (h) Discuss the private and external benefits of health care. a) A public good is a good that is a benefit to society and is provided free of cost to society, usually by the government running the country. Theses goods are not provided by private companies and firms as they do not render profit, which thus leads to a market failure due to a lack of provision of public/merit goods. Examples for such goods are roads, streetlights, education, public libraries etc. NHS (National Health Service) is a public good and government organization. It is a service that is free at the point of delivery because society pays for it indirectly through taxes. The NHS provides free healthcare to society, this is especially beneficial for the low income group sector of society thus making it a public good. The demand for this service is high, as healthcare is very expensive in the private sector. As the law of demand states that when the prices increase demand decreases. Here there is no actual price for the service thus the demand must be high. But sometimes this high demand creates a problem as the supply cannot be met; public goods are goods that do not render profits. And thus these organizations are run by government spending and may not really be updated with the best quality as they have a limit in their budgets. They do not have the quality of being efficient as they do not make profits from their services. b) A free good is good that is not scarce, has a zero market price and do not have any opportunity costs when consumed. The key word is opportunity cost. (***Free good is a term used in economics to describe a good that is not scarce. A free good is available in as great a quantity as desired with zero opportunity cost to society.) Opportunity cost is the cost of forgoing one opportunity for another. For example A school has been given 10,000$ and it can either spend it on books and supplies or on a new gym. Thus the opportunity cost to build the gym would be the loss of not buying books and vice versa. An example for free good can be sunlight, air, salt water etc. Considering healthcare, it can be noted that healthcare does not fall into the category of free good. It is an economic good even a public organization like the NHS. As NHS is a government funded subject, it is actually just a free service at the point of delivery. The taxpayers pay for this good; therefore it does have a market value indirectly through taxes. And it is not a resource that is available all the time, thus making it limited and not scarce. As it is government funded, the government can choose to spend their money on something else instead of healthcare. Therefore there is an opportunity cost to providing healthcare. The government can may spend the same amount on public structures (roads, streetlights, traffic lights or on education etc). As provision of healthcare has an opportunity cost, it makes it an economic good and not a free good. (*** Economic good is a good that has an opportunity cost thus giving it a price and hence making it scarce.) c) The market for healthcare (pubic healthcare) is not in equilibrium as the doctor quoteswe just get more patients and we cant cope with anymore. Therefore suggesting that the supply cannot meet the demand and thus the market equilibrium is not met. Market equilibrium is when the market is in a stage where the demand meets the supply. For eg In the figure below, we see that at price P1 the quantity Q1 is both demanded and supplied. Thus the market in equilibrium at the price P1 since the quantity of goods that people wish to buy at price Q1 is equal to quantity of the goods the supplier wants to sell at that price. This price P1 is also called as market clearing price, as everything produced is sold. The market thus remains in equilibrium. The healthcare sector (NHS) does not follow this structure of market equilibrium. The figure below shows the demand for healthcare in the private and public healthcare. This follows the demand laws that when prices increase then the demand for the good decreases as can be in seen in the demand for private healthcare services. Whereas the demand for public healthcare is very high as the price is very low or minimal. (Figure 1) Figure 2 When the prices are low then the suppliers supply less of their goods. In the case of healthcare (public healthcare), the providers of this services may not be provide less of their services but the quality and efficiency may be less and improvements may not be made as they are Government organizations and do not have the funds to do so. Figure 3 shows that because of the low prices the demand for the service increases to Q2 and the healthcare providers can only provide services till Q*. More is being demanded than supplied, and thus there is a shortage as there is an excess of demand. Therefore the market equilibrium is altered as the supply does not meet the demand. d) Improvements in the quality provided by the NHS and the private healthcare company. The private sectors main motive is to earn profit. Any private company or firms main goal is to earn profit. This can be done by having a large consumer base, thus to get achieve a large consumer base the firms continuously improve their services and are always striving for efficiency. Therefore an improvement in the private healthcare sector would not make a big difference as these firms are already always trying to provide better services to the consumers in order to make profits. Even though the prices are higher than the public sector people would with money would chose to a private clinic rather than a government healthcare facility, as it would be wiser for them to make use of the better healthcare facilities. If there are improvements in the public sector, the efficiency of the sector is improved and a lot more people would prefer going to public healthcare facilities rather than spending more money for the same service at a private clinic. The demand for the private healthcare services would decrease, and the firms would have to come up with innovative methods to restore their consumer base as a majority of the consumers would prefer paying less for healthcare for the same services provided by the private sector. The private healthcares may even have to shut down due to increasing costs in running their facilities and fewer buyers for their services thus decreasing the revenue they earn. There would be a producer loss for the private sector and a consumer gain for the consumers as they pay for good quality healthcare at a cheaper rate. But this would mean more government spending on healthcare to ensure that the new improvements continue. Or the government may increase the taxes, and thus the tax payers would have to pay more taxes in order for better public healthcare. e) Efficiency getting any given results with smallest inputs or getting maximum output from minimum inputs Efficiency can be classified into 2 categories * Efficiency in consumption ( Allocative efficiency ) * Efficiency in production ( Productive efficiency ) Allocating resources among consumers so that it would not be possible by any re allocation to make people better off without making anyone worse off is called efficiency in consumption. Allocative efficiency in simple terms can be put as doing the right thing. Defining Allocative efficiency when there is no waste in resources in the production of goods, allocative efficiency is maximized. This occurs when there is 0 excess demand and supply in the market (S=D). For eg when a firm produces 5000 flower pots but the market enables the firm to sell only 3500 then the resources have gone waste by producing the excess 1500 goods and there is an inefficiency in the allocation of resources as they could have been better allocated. The firm could have used the same amount of resources for something like fertilizers which would have had a higher demand. Therefore the allocative optimality occurs when the supply equals demand on the market. Allocating available resources between industries so that it will not be possible to produce more of some goods without producing less of others is called efficiency in production. Productive efficiency occurs when goods are produced at the lowest possible cost per unit, taking into account all costs arising. A firm is productively efficient when total use of resources (factors) result in the lowest possible cost per unit of output. This would be the point where average total is minimized. Productive efficiency means doing things right. In the healthcare sector being economically efficient as well as productively efficient is what the private clinics, hospitals etc aim for. To supply the maximum output at the cost of minimum inputs. f) Private firms that are inefficient would not be able to compete with other firms in a competitive market. If a firm is inefficient, the demand for the firms services and goods decrease and the firms consumer base will move on to another firm that does provide efficient goods and services. Or if a firm is allocatively inefficient then its resources go waste and it is unable to make the same revenue like it would have if it had used proper allocation of resources. Lack of productive efficiency would lead to the cost of production to be higher therefore the firm would suffer losses. Taking the 3 different situations in private healthcare * Inefficient services and quality provided: would lead to the loss of customers and eventually revenue, and more competition from other firms. * Improper allocation of resources(spending): spending and wasting money on frivolous items such as curtains and dà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½cor rather than medicines and treatment facilities , the firm would have a decrease in revenue again as people would expect top quality services rather than fancy dà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½cor. * Costs of production and services revenue earned = loss: the firm has spent a lot more on setting up the place and is not gaining maximum profits in return thus being productively inefficient. g) In a private structure information about best practice is likely to be freely available, as in public sectors there is not much incentive to improve techniques and skills. Whereas in the private sector the commercial organizations have an economic incentive to introduce better practices for both market leadership which leads to profits. Eg 2 dentist clinics each one comes up with newer faster and high quality technology for braces such as clinic1 comes up with invisible braces and clinic 2 to outdo clinic 1 comes up with invisible painless clear fit on braces to form a larger consumer market. Whereas in public sector there would be no such highlight as there is no one to compete against and no economic incentive. h) Merit goods are goods that are beneficial to the society and include services like healthcare defense etc. The marginal social benefits in providing healthcare are greater than the marginal production costs. For this reason healthcare is normally left up to the government to provide in many countries as private sector owners find no profit making scheme through it. The private and external benefits of healthcare are many. * Society remains healthy * When society remains healthy then the major workforce remains fit as well * Provision of healthcare = public good, like the NHS makes it easily accessible to the low income society. * If the main workforce of a country has access to healthcare, the overall development of a country increases. * The government also encourages the use /consumption of this service, as it is beneficial for all. * The healthcare services provided, if of good quality, makes sure that everyone in society gets their vaccines, health checkups etc. Thus ensuring that everyone is stable and in a well fit environment. * These services are more beneficial for the lower middle and poorer section of society. The poor do not need to spend much of their little incomes and are assured of the basic services.

Analysis of Major Characters in Great Expectations Essay Example for Free

Analysis of Major Characters in Great Expectations Essay Pip is the main character of this story. The whole plot of the novel revolves around him and his metamorphosis into an adult from an immature adolescent.  1. Immature: pip was highly immature. This characteristic in him can be clearly seen in pg 59 where he says but when she was gone, I looked about me for a place to hide my face in and got behind one of the gates in the brewery lane and leaned my sleeve angst the wall there, and leaned my forehead on it and cried. As I cried, I kicked the wall and took a hard twist at my hair; so bitter were my feelings so sharp were the smart without a name that needed counteraction. Pip cries so much, suddenly begins to have such a low self esteem, why? Just because a girl came and commented that he had coarse hands, wore thick boots and called the knaves Jack. Instead of standing up for himself, pip simply cries. This goes to show how immature pip was.  Pips immaturity is also seen in his romantic idealism. Ever since his first meeting with beautiful Estella, he always thought of her in page 101 he says, often after dark, when I was pulling the bellows for Joe, and we were singing Old Clem, and the thought how we used to sing at Miss Haveshams would seem to show me Estellas face in the fire, with her pretty hair fluttering in the wind and her face scorning at me. Often at such a time I would look towards those panels of black night in the wall which the wooden windows then were, and would fancy that I saw her drawing her face away and would believe that she had come at last. In spite of Estella being so insulting he instantly falls for her, rather for her loo ks. This again shows the immaturity in pip. 2. Generous and sympathetic: pip was generous and sympathetic, a fact that can be seen in his numerous acts of kindness throughout the novel. In page ___ he sympathizes with Magwitch and helps him escape. A small boy going out of his way to help a wretched convict! This goes to show how sympathetic pip was.  Not just sympathetic, pip was large at heart. He was generous. This can be witnessed in page _____ where he secretly buys Herberts way into business. The third example to show that pip was generous is in page 137where he says, as I passed the church I felt a sublime compassion for the poor creatures who were destined to go there, Sunday after Sunday, all their lives thru and to lie obscurely at last among the low green mounds. I promised myself that I would do something for them one of these days and formed a plan in outline for bestowing a dinner of roast beef and plum pudding, a pint of ale and a gallon of condescension upon everybody in the village. 3. Had a great desire for self-improvement: pip always wanted to better himself, better his condition and better his status. This trait in him can be witnessed in page 66 where he tells Joe, and that there had been a beautiful young lady at miss Haveshams who was dreadfully proud and that she had said I was common, and that I wished I was not common, and that the lies had come of it somehow, though I didnt know how. Moreover his deep desire to improve in life, to be Uncommon is also seen in page 68 where he goes to one of his relatives, Biddy to get educated from her. He says, when I woke up the best step I could take towards making myself uncommon was to get out of Biddy everything she knew.  In page 164 he asks Herbert to correct his mannerisms if he found them un-gentlemanly. He says, I further mentioned that as I had been brought up a blacksmith in a country place, and knew very little of the ways of politeness, I would take it is a great kindness in him i.e. Herbert if he would give me a hint when ever he saw me going at a loss or going wrong.

Construction of School Building Project Proposal

Construction of School Building Project Proposal 1.0 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Tanzania after realizing the fact that education is a sure means towards the improvement of the countrys economy; it formulated the Education and Training Policy year 1995 which integrated in the formal school system what was called. This is for children aged between 3 years and 6years. The major objective is to introduce pre-schools in every primary school. The government wants these pre-schools to be run by local governments, private institutions and individuals to build and operate pre-schools. The major objective of initiating per-schools is to bring up children by promoting and enriching the experiences so far acquired by the children from community and family in such areas as religion, languages, culture, health care etc. At primary and secondary school levels the government aims at improving access and enrolment levels due to the fact that in the past the education system was characterized by high drop-out rates mainly due to poor teaching methods by Universal Primary Education (UPE) teachers who were themselves failures at primary school levels. The policy was passed by the government after realizing the fact that early childhood education leaves an imprint in the childs mind and it is a significant factor in the mental and social development of children. The government puts stress on this type of education in its effort to develop the countrys human resources. It is from this need that Agape Love Education Centre builds its foundation to explore this opportunity by coming up with a vision of setting up the Centre for early childhood to access which will help to prevent stunted cognitive development of child and is reputed for facilitating better future performance in school. Agape Love Education Centre will offer pre-primary education, primary education and secondary education. Secondary education will consist of ordinary level and high school level. It is estimated that first phase of its construction will be done in the first five years. 2.0 INTRODUCTION The Ministry of Education Brief overview According to Tanzania Education and Training policy (1995), the United Republic of Tanzania has realized that quality education is the pillar of national development, for it is through education that the nation obtains skilled manpower to serve in various sector in the nations economy.   It is through quality education Tanzania will be able to create a strong and competitive economy which can effectively cope with the challenges of development and which can also easily and confidently adapt to the changing market and technological conditions in the region and global economy. The structure of the Formal Education and Training System in Tanzania constitutes two (2) years of pre-primary education, seven (7) years of primary education, four (4) years of Junior Secondary (Ordinary Level), two (2) years of Senior Secondary (Advanced Level) and up to three (3) or more years of Tertiary Education.   In short 2:7:4:2:3. Specifically, the education system has three (3) levels, namely: Basic, Secondary and Tertiary Levels. The Scope of the project proposal document This project proposal is about education centre construction of which will be known as Agape Love Education Centre. Upon completion, it will have pre-primary education, primary education and secondary education. Secondary education will consist of ordinary level and high school level. The official language will be English, which will be used at all levels. As mentioned earlier, the scope of this project proposal will be to construct the education centre within five years, whereby pre-primary school and primary school will start simultaneously in one year while building construction will be progressing. Ordinary secondary school is planned to commence in year three and advanced level in year four. The general goal of this school is to have a school centre which will offer education of high quality basing on Tanzania Ministry of Education curriculum. This centre will provide accommodation to those who are coming from a distant area and also provide tea as well as lunch to those who stay at home. The education centre has its plan in future to have branches in different regions depending on availability of fund as it is in the process of requesting grants from the government. This is because Tanzania has made progress in making education as practical and market oriented as possible guided by the government policy of education for self reliance. The subject combinations are tailored towards what is offered in tertiary and higher education THE PROJECT PROPOSAL OUTLINE Basic data summary of the intended project Rationale of the project Background analysis. The relevance of national policies Project appraisal and sensitivity analysis Implementation logical frame Project monitoring and evaluation Risk analysis Conclusion List of reference Annexes BASIC DATA SUMMARY 4.1 Institution Name The name of this project proposal is known as, AGAPE LOVE EDUCATION CENTRE (ALEC). 4.2 Contact name and post For the progress of this project contact Dr. Mwinamila Senior who is the Managing Director of this Centre. 4.3 Project name The project name is EDUCATION CENTRE CONSTRUCTION. 4.4 Project location The project will be located at BUSHUSHU VILLAGE IN .SHINYANGA MUNICIPALITY Project buildings will be constructed at Bushushu Village which is situated five (5) kilometres from Shinyanga Municipality and about one (1) kilometre from Old Shinyanga road along Kahama Shinyanga Water Supply and Sewerage Authority (KASHWASA) Offices. Electricity from the main grid at Shinyanga rural passes through the village and is about five hundred (500) meters from the site where the school buildings will be constructed. Piped water from the main pipe to Shinyanga municipal is available at the village extension pipe to the school. The water table in the area is very high and the school Administration may sink one or two wells to supplement the schools water supply. Bushushu village is within Kambarage ward, Shinyanga Rural District in Shinyanga Municipal. 4.5 Project Area The total area made available to Agape Love Education Centre is about eight (8) hectares and this will be used for the constructions of buildings, basketball, netball court, football pitch, short put, high jump, long green areas and gardens land is not a problem around the area and if the school will need more land it will have to apply for such land and it will not be difficult at all to be allocated such land. 4.6 Project summary ` 4.6.1 Problem statement The project is in line with government efforts to establish as many pre-schools, primary schools and secondary schools as possible so that many children get access to education. Quality basic education is very important to even the poor children. People of Tanzania constitutes empowerment; and it is one of the tools that will empower the country in different aspects of the war against poverty (Refer to Education and Training policy of 1995) 4.6.2 Priority need The priority need of this project proposal is to have an education institution which will join hand with the ministry of educations effort of having a nation with high level of education at all levels; a nation which produces the quality and quantity of educated people sufficiently equipped with the requisite knowledge to solve the societys problems in order to meet the challenges of development and attain competitiveness at regional and global at large at affordable costs. 4.6.3 Project objectives `This project proposal has two main objectives as mentioned here under: To respond to the needs of a rapidly growing business and education sector in Shinyanga municipality by producing the quality and quantity of educated people sufficiently equipped with the requisite knowledge to solve the societys problems in order to meet the challenges of development and attain competitiveness at regional and global at large at affordable costs. The following objectives will be implemented after getting approval from the Ministry of Education and Vocational Training. . The School will provide subsidized healthy meals daily to children attending this Centre School. This Centre will continue to raise funds for running the operation of the school by requesting sponsorship for educating the children attending this centre. 4.6.4 Target group The target groups of this project proposal are: The children who currently attend normal Kindergarten, Primary School and Secondary school, as well as the children living in Shinyanga community who need to improve their education level; The teachers who instruct the children according to the Syllabus provided by the Ministry of Education and Vocational Training; The supporting administrative and ancillary staff who will facilitate the operation of the school. Parents and guardians in the Shinyanga community who are interested in giving their children the opportunity of education at this education centre. 4.6.5 Project results This project is planned to be constructed at a minimum low cost so as to enable Tanzania community afford to pay the required fees. Construction will be conducted in three phases as follows: Phase one will start in year one, focusing on construction of pre- primary school and other necessary planned buildings. Phase two will follow year two for aiming for construction of primary school class rooms with other necessary planned buildings and phase three will start year four for construction of secondary school class rooms. 4.6.6 Key project activities Key project of Centre will include field activities, building design and construction supervision. All of which will be undertaken by M/s JKM MULTI-CONSULT TANZANIA LTD as a consultant to ensure that costs are not escalated. Some other activities will include: title Deed follow – up, topographical survey, master plan preparation. It will also involve location position of buildings. Streets, green areas, open spaces, play grounds etc. Location positioning of storm water, foul water, sewage system in relation to septic tank and sock pits. Setting out dimensions will involve building lines, setbacks and detailed dimensions between one building and the other. Architectural designs and preliminary stages stage 1 The drawing at this stage will have no detailed dimensions, they will just show schedules of accommodation for ease of getting rough estimated figures of the costs of the project. Working drawing –stage 2 These are details design for construction purposes and preparation of bills of quantities. Engineering design- these are of two types. Structural engineers designs- these are applicable for stored building and are used for soil investigation and foundation engineering. Electrical engineering drawings- these show the layout of electrical fitting and appliances especially for laboratories, computers etc Bills of quantities- these showing detailed breakdowns of materials required for every building and these may be used as tender documents in cases of building contracts. Landscaping Architecture and environmental control- this will ensure beautiful and attractive surroundings through the planting of flower gardens and shade trees. Items (3) through to (10) are some of the activities and services to be performed or carried out by the consultants and will be charged ten percent (10%) of estimated total construction costs as follows:- 4.6.7 Summary of areas built up 1. Secondary School 9,337.0 M2 2. Local Church 1,336.0 M2 3. Primary School 7,306.0 M2 4. Sports Arena 21,578.9 M2 Cost estimates per area. Based upon Unit Cost Method per m2, the following rates have been used:- (i) Secondary School @ Tshs 235,000/= per m2 (ii) Local Church @ Tshs 250,000/= per m2 (iii) Primary School @ Tshs 235,000/= per m2 (iv) Sports Arena @ Tshs 15,000/= per m2 Value per area. 1. Secondary School 2,194,195,000 Tshs 2. Local Church 334,000,000 Tshs 3. Primary School 1,716,910,000 Tshs 4. Sports Arena 323,683,500 Tshs Total 4,568,788,500 Tshs Add: 30% Infrastructures 1,507,700,205.00 10% Consultancy Fees 456,878,850.00 Total Construction Costs Shs 6,533,367,555.00 Other operational costs 1,031,632,445.00 Grand Total Costs 7,565,000,000.00 4.6.8 Project Feasibility study This covers all aspects of the project, describing in details all activities and finances involved. (Refer Annex No. I) 4.6.9 Project budgets In our project this will be our projection of source of income and our plan how are we going to spend this limited resources as expenses over a specified period of time. (Refer Annex No.1) 4.6.10 Project duration The project proposal duration will be for five years which will be preceded with final evaluations that will be conducted at the end of five years. This evaluation intends to make an extensive review of the whole project to see its sustainability for its the long run. 5.0 PROJECT RATIONALE 5.1 Background 5.1.1 Involvement and Experience The project will involve different stakeholders in the whole process of construction aiming to assist its implementations. These will include: Tanzania Building Agency for examining the Architectural designs part of the whole project. Tanzania Ministry of Education for monitoring the whole project and issue license. M/s JKM Multi-Consult Tanzania Ltd a consultant firm for supervision of the project. The society of Shinyanga municipality as stake holders for their children. The sponsors from Postal Bank Tanzania LTD Project team 5.1.2 Experience M/S JKM MULTI-CONSULT TANZANIA LDT. This is a consultant firm whose offices are situated at Kibaha Mailimoja. It is a new firm recently registered with the registrar of companies under the Companies Ordinance (cap 212), but its staffs are backed up with vast experience in the building design and construction industry as well as projects planning; project appraisal and financial management acquired while working with other firm. 5.1.3 Consultation and participation The project has also involved some experts especially for works like, conducting project feasibility study, design and drawings, buildings constructions, risk analysis, project evaluation etc. For instance, buildings constructions have been undertaken by M/S JKM MULTI-CONSULT TANZANIA LTD. This is a firm of consults whose offices are situated at Kibaha Mailimoja. It is a new firm recently registered with the registrar of companies under the Companies Ordinance (cap 212), but its staffs are backed up with vast experience in the building design and construction industry as well as projects planning; project appraisal and financial management acquired while working with other firm:- 5.1.4 Policies or development strategy This school centre is aiming to be the leading centre academically, socially, environmentally in the country. For this centre to meet these goals some policies and strategies have been put in place. Some of them include: to recruit skilled and experienced teaching staff and non teaching staff, to have in job training plan for all workers, to motivate all workers whose performance in every speciality will be excellent and to continue revising different policies wherever possible for the purpose of improvement etc. 5.1.5 Project approach 5.1.5.1 Goals The project goal is mainly for the construction of buildings for the pre-school, primary school and secondary school for the purpose of providing education. The buildings will cater for learning and boarding requirement of all pupils and students; plus the accommodation requirements of the teachers other school staff. The students and pupils physical fitness requirements will be met by having a sports arena in the school and grounds. ` 5.1.5.2 Objective and output The main objective is to respond to the needs of a rapidly growing business and education sector in Shinyanga municipality by producing the quality and quantity of educated people sufficiently equipped with the requisite knowledge to solve the societys problems in order to meet the challenges of development and attain competitiveness at regional and global at large at affordable costs. This will be met by having Agape Love Education Centre in place. 5.1.5.3 Main activities The main activities and cost estimate involved are summarized below as:- Project Capital Costs. Project costs are divided into various types namely: investment costs which fall into several categories: Buildings construction costs These are costs incurred in the construction of school buildings and infrastructure. Total construction costs T.shs 4,568,788,500/= Add: infrastructure 30% T. shs 1,507,700,205/= Add: 10% consultancy fees T. shs 456,878,850/= Total costs T. shs 6,533,367,555/= Office Furniture and equipment costs. These are furniture and equipment which will be purchased to furnish the schools. Offices furnish and equipment will be purchased in phases as more classes and offices are constructing red to completion. No definite phasing has been put in place because the phasing will depend on availability of funds. Total costs to purchase furniture and equipment stand at T. shs 168,930,000/=. Laboratory Equipment costs Every secondary school worth the name must have facilities for laboratories where laboratory equipments are a necessity. Agape Love Education Secondary school will have Biology laboratory, Physics laboratory and Chemistry laboratory which will be equipped appropriately. Biology laboratory equipment T.shs 12,000,000/= Chemistry laboratory equipment T.shs 18,000,000/= Physics laboratory equipment T.shs 20,000,000/= Total costs T.shs 50,000,000/= Purchase of school Van 31/4 tons A van will have to be bought for the school so as to cater for all transport requirements of the school. Purchase of Van 31/4 tons year five will cost T.shs 22,000,000/= Purchases of washing machine This will cater for washing all the school bed sheets etc T.shs 693,500/= Other costs are for the purchase of furniture and Equipment estimated at TSH 168,930,000/= Laboratory equipment for Physics, Chemistry and Biology laboratories will cost about TSH 50,000,000/= Total Capital costs Shs. 6,807,105,985/= 6.0 PROJECT APPARAISAL AND SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS 6.1 Project Appraisal   Business dictionary defined project appraisal as a systematic and comprehensive review of the economic, environmental, financial, social, and technical and other such aspects of a project to determine if it will meet its objectives. 6.2 Operational necessity Every project proposal should pass through this criterion for appraisal. In our education centre, this analysis will assist to determine the merit and acceptability of our school centre in accordance with under laid established criteria. This will be the final step before our project is accepted for financing. It helps us know that our project is feasible against the situation on the ground that the objectives set remain appropriate and that costs are reasonable. 6.3Project appraisal methods 6.3.1Social appraisal A social appraisal will help us review the project design and the process of project identification by implementing and monitoring its progress, from a social perspective. Particular attention will be paid to the likely impact of the project on different stakeholders, their opportunities for participation, and the projects contribution to poverty reduction. 6.3.2 Institutional appraisal This will help us ensures that the supporting institutions are in place and that they can operate effectively within the existing legislative and policy environment. This project has identified opportunities for institutional strengthening and capacity building at a relative cost. 6.3.3 Economic and financial appraisal This helped our project to make an analysis of economic soundness of the project and quantification and valuation of costs and benefits that ensured our financial viability. 6.3.4 Environmental appraisal The plan was made to invite the government specialists in environmental appraisal Environmental Assessment (EA) will assist us to meet one of our goals of having a school centre with a conducive academic environment. Most countries have environment impact assessment (EIA) policy and supporting legislation. Traditionally, EIA will be designed to operate at our project level to help us identify impacts and mitigation measures for this project. 6.3.5 Technical appraisal Technically, this project is going to be feasible as Shinyanga municipal is highly populated. During the time of conducting technical appraisal, a comprehensive review of all technical aspects of the project such as rendering judgment on merits of technical proposals and operating costs will be clearly seen. Some of a checklist that will be used is: To prove or test the technology that will be used to implement the entire tasks. To have a list of equipment and machinery to be installed with their cost and specifications. To know the equipment capacity and whether it is as per requirement etc. 6.3.5 Project Sensitivity analysis Sensitivity analysis will be done in our project to help us determine which variables have the most potential to affect this project. These variables include: task duration,  Ã‚   task start time, and success rate and costs risks. 7.0 PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION PLAN Activity plan 7.1.1Project activities Here under are estimated activities that will be carried out in a specified estimated period of time. S/NO Activities Year 1 Year2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 1 Fund solicitation 2 Buildings constructions 3 Purchase of office furniture 4 Laboratory equipment 5 Purchase of school van 6 Pupils registration 7 Risk analysis 8 Monitoring and evaluation 9 Budget preparation 10 School registration process 11 Recruitment of non and teaching staff 7.1.2 Management arrangement 7.1.2.1 Project personnel In every project human resource is very important to ensure that tasks are performed as planned. This includes project manager and project team. 7.1.2.1Individual roles In our project, every project team member will have a certain role assigned to perform at a specified period of time so as to accomplish our goal. 7.1.2.2 Communication mechanisms In our project this mechanism will help Create a document showing the needs to be kept informed about the project and how they will receive the information. The most common mechanism is a weekly or monthly progress report, describing how the project is performing, milestones achieved and work planned for the next period. 7.1.2.3 Project timing and scheduling In carrying out project tasks resources have been allocated to meet activities scheduled so as meet the allocated time. This ha been helped us to determine schedule dates on which activities should be performed this goes hand by hand with resource scheduling. This involves many considerations such as logistics and customer needs. 7.1.2.4 Project budget According to Dr. Magigi Mwaitete lecture notice, a budget is a financial plan that is prepared and approved prior to the budget period and may show income, expenditure and the capital to be employed. A budget may be for the business as a whole departments function such as sales and production. 7.1.2.5 Project financial report 7.1.2.5.1 Balance sheet Atrill McLaney (2008) defined a balance sheet as a statement of financial position that show the assets of a business and the claims on those assets (Refer Table 6) 7.1.2.5.2 Income statement According to Atrill McLaney (2008) Income statement is a statement that measures and reports the profit or loss the business has generated during a period. It is derived by deducting from total revenue for a period, the total expenses associated with that revenue. (Refer Table 7) 7.1.2.5.3 Cash flow statement According to Burke (2008) Cash flow statement is a document which models the flow of money in and out of the project reported in a monthly basis. (Refer Table 5) 7.1.2.6 Project monitoring and evaluation 7.1.2.6.1 Monitoring According to Choudhury S (2004) monitoring is referred to as checking how much has been done and what needs to be done for accomplishments of the project tasks. 7.1.2.6.2 Evaluation Ngailo (2007) defined project evaluation as systematic investigative information that help determine whether the project is proceeding as planned and is meeting the stated programme goals and project objectives according to the proposed timeline. 8.0 PROJECT RISK ANALYSIS 8.1 Rationale of project risks analysis According to Dr. Magigi Mwaitete Lacture notice. a risk is defined as an uncertain event which should it occur, will have an effect on the project meeting its objectives. The rationale of project risk analysis is to reduce the probability and impact of threats and to increase the probability of opportunities and/or their positive impact. 8.2 Typical source of project risks In most likely any project may be faced by some of these risks: Legal (patents and lawsuits), changes in technology (does your software project need to support Windows Vista?), natural hazards and conditions (have you seen the latest volcano news?), eenvironmental (does a protected or rare species lie in your freeway path?) 8.3 Countermeasures for project risks In our project we have looked at this part critically from the planning stage. Under this part we carried out the quantitative analysis by involving different experts brainstorming with them, and consulting other skilled people to ensure that we review a history of our project where necessary to make the proper judgments. As a result we listed some risks prioritized by probability and impact for us to avoid, ignore, or accommodate different impacts likely to happen. 9.0 CONCLUSION The Agape Love Education Center continues to demonstrate its commitment to the development of Shinyanga region by submitting this five year project proposal document for approval and in so doing it continues to fulfil one of the objectives of the Ministry of Education and Vocation Training of participating in the development of the population of Shinyanga region and the rest of the regions. The Agape School centre aims to make many children in the Shinyanga community for the coming five years feel happy by providing a high standard of education in particular for pre-school, primary school, secondary school, and high school. Construction of School Building Project Proposal Construction of School Building Project Proposal 1.0 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Tanzania after realizing the fact that education is a sure means towards the improvement of the countrys economy; it formulated the Education and Training Policy year 1995 which integrated in the formal school system what was called. This is for children aged between 3 years and 6years. The major objective is to introduce pre-schools in every primary school. The government wants these pre-schools to be run by local governments, private institutions and individuals to build and operate pre-schools. The major objective of initiating per-schools is to bring up children by promoting and enriching the experiences so far acquired by the children from community and family in such areas as religion, languages, culture, health care etc. At primary and secondary school levels the government aims at improving access and enrolment levels due to the fact that in the past the education system was characterized by high drop-out rates mainly due to poor teaching methods by Universal Primary Education (UPE) teachers who were themselves failures at primary school levels. The policy was passed by the government after realizing the fact that early childhood education leaves an imprint in the childs mind and it is a significant factor in the mental and social development of children. The government puts stress on this type of education in its effort to develop the countrys human resources. It is from this need that Agape Love Education Centre builds its foundation to explore this opportunity by coming up with a vision of setting up the Centre for early childhood to access which will help to prevent stunted cognitive development of child and is reputed for facilitating better future performance in school. Agape Love Education Centre will offer pre-primary education, primary education and secondary education. Secondary education will consist of ordinary level and high school level. It is estimated that first phase of its construction will be done in the first five years. 2.0 INTRODUCTION The Ministry of Education Brief overview According to Tanzania Education and Training policy (1995), the United Republic of Tanzania has realized that quality education is the pillar of national development, for it is through education that the nation obtains skilled manpower to serve in various sector in the nations economy.   It is through quality education Tanzania will be able to create a strong and competitive economy which can effectively cope with the challenges of development and which can also easily and confidently adapt to the changing market and technological conditions in the region and global economy. The structure of the Formal Education and Training System in Tanzania constitutes two (2) years of pre-primary education, seven (7) years of primary education, four (4) years of Junior Secondary (Ordinary Level), two (2) years of Senior Secondary (Advanced Level) and up to three (3) or more years of Tertiary Education.   In short 2:7:4:2:3. Specifically, the education system has three (3) levels, namely: Basic, Secondary and Tertiary Levels. The Scope of the project proposal document This project proposal is about education centre construction of which will be known as Agape Love Education Centre. Upon completion, it will have pre-primary education, primary education and secondary education. Secondary education will consist of ordinary level and high school level. The official language will be English, which will be used at all levels. As mentioned earlier, the scope of this project proposal will be to construct the education centre within five years, whereby pre-primary school and primary school will start simultaneously in one year while building construction will be progressing. Ordinary secondary school is planned to commence in year three and advanced level in year four. The general goal of this school is to have a school centre which will offer education of high quality basing on Tanzania Ministry of Education curriculum. This centre will provide accommodation to those who are coming from a distant area and also provide tea as well as lunch to those who stay at home. The education centre has its plan in future to have branches in different regions depending on availability of fund as it is in the process of requesting grants from the government. This is because Tanzania has made progress in making education as practical and market oriented as possible guided by the government policy of education for self reliance. The subject combinations are tailored towards what is offered in tertiary and higher education THE PROJECT PROPOSAL OUTLINE Basic data summary of the intended project Rationale of the project Background analysis. The relevance of national policies Project appraisal and sensitivity analysis Implementation logical frame Project monitoring and evaluation Risk analysis Conclusion List of reference Annexes BASIC DATA SUMMARY 4.1 Institution Name The name of this project proposal is known as, AGAPE LOVE EDUCATION CENTRE (ALEC). 4.2 Contact name and post For the progress of this project contact Dr. Mwinamila Senior who is the Managing Director of this Centre. 4.3 Project name The project name is EDUCATION CENTRE CONSTRUCTION. 4.4 Project location The project will be located at BUSHUSHU VILLAGE IN .SHINYANGA MUNICIPALITY Project buildings will be constructed at Bushushu Village which is situated five (5) kilometres from Shinyanga Municipality and about one (1) kilometre from Old Shinyanga road along Kahama Shinyanga Water Supply and Sewerage Authority (KASHWASA) Offices. Electricity from the main grid at Shinyanga rural passes through the village and is about five hundred (500) meters from the site where the school buildings will be constructed. Piped water from the main pipe to Shinyanga municipal is available at the village extension pipe to the school. The water table in the area is very high and the school Administration may sink one or two wells to supplement the schools water supply. Bushushu village is within Kambarage ward, Shinyanga Rural District in Shinyanga Municipal. 4.5 Project Area The total area made available to Agape Love Education Centre is about eight (8) hectares and this will be used for the constructions of buildings, basketball, netball court, football pitch, short put, high jump, long green areas and gardens land is not a problem around the area and if the school will need more land it will have to apply for such land and it will not be difficult at all to be allocated such land. 4.6 Project summary ` 4.6.1 Problem statement The project is in line with government efforts to establish as many pre-schools, primary schools and secondary schools as possible so that many children get access to education. Quality basic education is very important to even the poor children. People of Tanzania constitutes empowerment; and it is one of the tools that will empower the country in different aspects of the war against poverty (Refer to Education and Training policy of 1995) 4.6.2 Priority need The priority need of this project proposal is to have an education institution which will join hand with the ministry of educations effort of having a nation with high level of education at all levels; a nation which produces the quality and quantity of educated people sufficiently equipped with the requisite knowledge to solve the societys problems in order to meet the challenges of development and attain competitiveness at regional and global at large at affordable costs. 4.6.3 Project objectives `This project proposal has two main objectives as mentioned here under: To respond to the needs of a rapidly growing business and education sector in Shinyanga municipality by producing the quality and quantity of educated people sufficiently equipped with the requisite knowledge to solve the societys problems in order to meet the challenges of development and attain competitiveness at regional and global at large at affordable costs. The following objectives will be implemented after getting approval from the Ministry of Education and Vocational Training. . The School will provide subsidized healthy meals daily to children attending this Centre School. This Centre will continue to raise funds for running the operation of the school by requesting sponsorship for educating the children attending this centre. 4.6.4 Target group The target groups of this project proposal are: The children who currently attend normal Kindergarten, Primary School and Secondary school, as well as the children living in Shinyanga community who need to improve their education level; The teachers who instruct the children according to the Syllabus provided by the Ministry of Education and Vocational Training; The supporting administrative and ancillary staff who will facilitate the operation of the school. Parents and guardians in the Shinyanga community who are interested in giving their children the opportunity of education at this education centre. 4.6.5 Project results This project is planned to be constructed at a minimum low cost so as to enable Tanzania community afford to pay the required fees. Construction will be conducted in three phases as follows: Phase one will start in year one, focusing on construction of pre- primary school and other necessary planned buildings. Phase two will follow year two for aiming for construction of primary school class rooms with other necessary planned buildings and phase three will start year four for construction of secondary school class rooms. 4.6.6 Key project activities Key project of Centre will include field activities, building design and construction supervision. All of which will be undertaken by M/s JKM MULTI-CONSULT TANZANIA LTD as a consultant to ensure that costs are not escalated. Some other activities will include: title Deed follow – up, topographical survey, master plan preparation. It will also involve location position of buildings. Streets, green areas, open spaces, play grounds etc. Location positioning of storm water, foul water, sewage system in relation to septic tank and sock pits. Setting out dimensions will involve building lines, setbacks and detailed dimensions between one building and the other. Architectural designs and preliminary stages stage 1 The drawing at this stage will have no detailed dimensions, they will just show schedules of accommodation for ease of getting rough estimated figures of the costs of the project. Working drawing –stage 2 These are details design for construction purposes and preparation of bills of quantities. Engineering design- these are of two types. Structural engineers designs- these are applicable for stored building and are used for soil investigation and foundation engineering. Electrical engineering drawings- these show the layout of electrical fitting and appliances especially for laboratories, computers etc Bills of quantities- these showing detailed breakdowns of materials required for every building and these may be used as tender documents in cases of building contracts. Landscaping Architecture and environmental control- this will ensure beautiful and attractive surroundings through the planting of flower gardens and shade trees. Items (3) through to (10) are some of the activities and services to be performed or carried out by the consultants and will be charged ten percent (10%) of estimated total construction costs as follows:- 4.6.7 Summary of areas built up 1. Secondary School 9,337.0 M2 2. Local Church 1,336.0 M2 3. Primary School 7,306.0 M2 4. Sports Arena 21,578.9 M2 Cost estimates per area. Based upon Unit Cost Method per m2, the following rates have been used:- (i) Secondary School @ Tshs 235,000/= per m2 (ii) Local Church @ Tshs 250,000/= per m2 (iii) Primary School @ Tshs 235,000/= per m2 (iv) Sports Arena @ Tshs 15,000/= per m2 Value per area. 1. Secondary School 2,194,195,000 Tshs 2. Local Church 334,000,000 Tshs 3. Primary School 1,716,910,000 Tshs 4. Sports Arena 323,683,500 Tshs Total 4,568,788,500 Tshs Add: 30% Infrastructures 1,507,700,205.00 10% Consultancy Fees 456,878,850.00 Total Construction Costs Shs 6,533,367,555.00 Other operational costs 1,031,632,445.00 Grand Total Costs 7,565,000,000.00 4.6.8 Project Feasibility study This covers all aspects of the project, describing in details all activities and finances involved. (Refer Annex No. I) 4.6.9 Project budgets In our project this will be our projection of source of income and our plan how are we going to spend this limited resources as expenses over a specified period of time. (Refer Annex No.1) 4.6.10 Project duration The project proposal duration will be for five years which will be preceded with final evaluations that will be conducted at the end of five years. This evaluation intends to make an extensive review of the whole project to see its sustainability for its the long run. 5.0 PROJECT RATIONALE 5.1 Background 5.1.1 Involvement and Experience The project will involve different stakeholders in the whole process of construction aiming to assist its implementations. These will include: Tanzania Building Agency for examining the Architectural designs part of the whole project. Tanzania Ministry of Education for monitoring the whole project and issue license. M/s JKM Multi-Consult Tanzania Ltd a consultant firm for supervision of the project. The society of Shinyanga municipality as stake holders for their children. The sponsors from Postal Bank Tanzania LTD Project team 5.1.2 Experience M/S JKM MULTI-CONSULT TANZANIA LDT. This is a consultant firm whose offices are situated at Kibaha Mailimoja. It is a new firm recently registered with the registrar of companies under the Companies Ordinance (cap 212), but its staffs are backed up with vast experience in the building design and construction industry as well as projects planning; project appraisal and financial management acquired while working with other firm. 5.1.3 Consultation and participation The project has also involved some experts especially for works like, conducting project feasibility study, design and drawings, buildings constructions, risk analysis, project evaluation etc. For instance, buildings constructions have been undertaken by M/S JKM MULTI-CONSULT TANZANIA LTD. This is a firm of consults whose offices are situated at Kibaha Mailimoja. It is a new firm recently registered with the registrar of companies under the Companies Ordinance (cap 212), but its staffs are backed up with vast experience in the building design and construction industry as well as projects planning; project appraisal and financial management acquired while working with other firm:- 5.1.4 Policies or development strategy This school centre is aiming to be the leading centre academically, socially, environmentally in the country. For this centre to meet these goals some policies and strategies have been put in place. Some of them include: to recruit skilled and experienced teaching staff and non teaching staff, to have in job training plan for all workers, to motivate all workers whose performance in every speciality will be excellent and to continue revising different policies wherever possible for the purpose of improvement etc. 5.1.5 Project approach 5.1.5.1 Goals The project goal is mainly for the construction of buildings for the pre-school, primary school and secondary school for the purpose of providing education. The buildings will cater for learning and boarding requirement of all pupils and students; plus the accommodation requirements of the teachers other school staff. The students and pupils physical fitness requirements will be met by having a sports arena in the school and grounds. ` 5.1.5.2 Objective and output The main objective is to respond to the needs of a rapidly growing business and education sector in Shinyanga municipality by producing the quality and quantity of educated people sufficiently equipped with the requisite knowledge to solve the societys problems in order to meet the challenges of development and attain competitiveness at regional and global at large at affordable costs. This will be met by having Agape Love Education Centre in place. 5.1.5.3 Main activities The main activities and cost estimate involved are summarized below as:- Project Capital Costs. Project costs are divided into various types namely: investment costs which fall into several categories: Buildings construction costs These are costs incurred in the construction of school buildings and infrastructure. Total construction costs T.shs 4,568,788,500/= Add: infrastructure 30% T. shs 1,507,700,205/= Add: 10% consultancy fees T. shs 456,878,850/= Total costs T. shs 6,533,367,555/= Office Furniture and equipment costs. These are furniture and equipment which will be purchased to furnish the schools. Offices furnish and equipment will be purchased in phases as more classes and offices are constructing red to completion. No definite phasing has been put in place because the phasing will depend on availability of funds. Total costs to purchase furniture and equipment stand at T. shs 168,930,000/=. Laboratory Equipment costs Every secondary school worth the name must have facilities for laboratories where laboratory equipments are a necessity. Agape Love Education Secondary school will have Biology laboratory, Physics laboratory and Chemistry laboratory which will be equipped appropriately. Biology laboratory equipment T.shs 12,000,000/= Chemistry laboratory equipment T.shs 18,000,000/= Physics laboratory equipment T.shs 20,000,000/= Total costs T.shs 50,000,000/= Purchase of school Van 31/4 tons A van will have to be bought for the school so as to cater for all transport requirements of the school. Purchase of Van 31/4 tons year five will cost T.shs 22,000,000/= Purchases of washing machine This will cater for washing all the school bed sheets etc T.shs 693,500/= Other costs are for the purchase of furniture and Equipment estimated at TSH 168,930,000/= Laboratory equipment for Physics, Chemistry and Biology laboratories will cost about TSH 50,000,000/= Total Capital costs Shs. 6,807,105,985/= 6.0 PROJECT APPARAISAL AND SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS 6.1 Project Appraisal   Business dictionary defined project appraisal as a systematic and comprehensive review of the economic, environmental, financial, social, and technical and other such aspects of a project to determine if it will meet its objectives. 6.2 Operational necessity Every project proposal should pass through this criterion for appraisal. In our education centre, this analysis will assist to determine the merit and acceptability of our school centre in accordance with under laid established criteria. This will be the final step before our project is accepted for financing. It helps us know that our project is feasible against the situation on the ground that the objectives set remain appropriate and that costs are reasonable. 6.3Project appraisal methods 6.3.1Social appraisal A social appraisal will help us review the project design and the process of project identification by implementing and monitoring its progress, from a social perspective. Particular attention will be paid to the likely impact of the project on different stakeholders, their opportunities for participation, and the projects contribution to poverty reduction. 6.3.2 Institutional appraisal This will help us ensures that the supporting institutions are in place and that they can operate effectively within the existing legislative and policy environment. This project has identified opportunities for institutional strengthening and capacity building at a relative cost. 6.3.3 Economic and financial appraisal This helped our project to make an analysis of economic soundness of the project and quantification and valuation of costs and benefits that ensured our financial viability. 6.3.4 Environmental appraisal The plan was made to invite the government specialists in environmental appraisal Environmental Assessment (EA) will assist us to meet one of our goals of having a school centre with a conducive academic environment. Most countries have environment impact assessment (EIA) policy and supporting legislation. Traditionally, EIA will be designed to operate at our project level to help us identify impacts and mitigation measures for this project. 6.3.5 Technical appraisal Technically, this project is going to be feasible as Shinyanga municipal is highly populated. During the time of conducting technical appraisal, a comprehensive review of all technical aspects of the project such as rendering judgment on merits of technical proposals and operating costs will be clearly seen. Some of a checklist that will be used is: To prove or test the technology that will be used to implement the entire tasks. To have a list of equipment and machinery to be installed with their cost and specifications. To know the equipment capacity and whether it is as per requirement etc. 6.3.5 Project Sensitivity analysis Sensitivity analysis will be done in our project to help us determine which variables have the most potential to affect this project. These variables include: task duration,  Ã‚   task start time, and success rate and costs risks. 7.0 PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION PLAN Activity plan 7.1.1Project activities Here under are estimated activities that will be carried out in a specified estimated period of time. S/NO Activities Year 1 Year2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 1 Fund solicitation 2 Buildings constructions 3 Purchase of office furniture 4 Laboratory equipment 5 Purchase of school van 6 Pupils registration 7 Risk analysis 8 Monitoring and evaluation 9 Budget preparation 10 School registration process 11 Recruitment of non and teaching staff 7.1.2 Management arrangement 7.1.2.1 Project personnel In every project human resource is very important to ensure that tasks are performed as planned. This includes project manager and project team. 7.1.2.1Individual roles In our project, every project team member will have a certain role assigned to perform at a specified period of time so as to accomplish our goal. 7.1.2.2 Communication mechanisms In our project this mechanism will help Create a document showing the needs to be kept informed about the project and how they will receive the information. The most common mechanism is a weekly or monthly progress report, describing how the project is performing, milestones achieved and work planned for the next period. 7.1.2.3 Project timing and scheduling In carrying out project tasks resources have been allocated to meet activities scheduled so as meet the allocated time. This ha been helped us to determine schedule dates on which activities should be performed this goes hand by hand with resource scheduling. This involves many considerations such as logistics and customer needs. 7.1.2.4 Project budget According to Dr. Magigi Mwaitete lecture notice, a budget is a financial plan that is prepared and approved prior to the budget period and may show income, expenditure and the capital to be employed. A budget may be for the business as a whole departments function such as sales and production. 7.1.2.5 Project financial report 7.1.2.5.1 Balance sheet Atrill McLaney (2008) defined a balance sheet as a statement of financial position that show the assets of a business and the claims on those assets (Refer Table 6) 7.1.2.5.2 Income statement According to Atrill McLaney (2008) Income statement is a statement that measures and reports the profit or loss the business has generated during a period. It is derived by deducting from total revenue for a period, the total expenses associated with that revenue. (Refer Table 7) 7.1.2.5.3 Cash flow statement According to Burke (2008) Cash flow statement is a document which models the flow of money in and out of the project reported in a monthly basis. (Refer Table 5) 7.1.2.6 Project monitoring and evaluation 7.1.2.6.1 Monitoring According to Choudhury S (2004) monitoring is referred to as checking how much has been done and what needs to be done for accomplishments of the project tasks. 7.1.2.6.2 Evaluation Ngailo (2007) defined project evaluation as systematic investigative information that help determine whether the project is proceeding as planned and is meeting the stated programme goals and project objectives according to the proposed timeline. 8.0 PROJECT RISK ANALYSIS 8.1 Rationale of project risks analysis According to Dr. Magigi Mwaitete Lacture notice. a risk is defined as an uncertain event which should it occur, will have an effect on the project meeting its objectives. The rationale of project risk analysis is to reduce the probability and impact of threats and to increase the probability of opportunities and/or their positive impact. 8.2 Typical source of project risks In most likely any project may be faced by some of these risks: Legal (patents and lawsuits), changes in technology (does your software project need to support Windows Vista?), natural hazards and conditions (have you seen the latest volcano news?), eenvironmental (does a protected or rare species lie in your freeway path?) 8.3 Countermeasures for project risks In our project we have looked at this part critically from the planning stage. Under this part we carried out the quantitative analysis by involving different experts brainstorming with them, and consulting other skilled people to ensure that we review a history of our project where necessary to make the proper judgments. As a result we listed some risks prioritized by probability and impact for us to avoid, ignore, or accommodate different impacts likely to happen. 9.0 CONCLUSION The Agape Love Education Center continues to demonstrate its commitment to the development of Shinyanga region by submitting this five year project proposal document for approval and in so doing it continues to fulfil one of the objectives of the Ministry of Education and Vocation Training of participating in the development of the population of Shinyanga region and the rest of the regions. The Agape School centre aims to make many children in the Shinyanga community for the coming five years feel happy by providing a high standard of education in particular for pre-school, primary school, secondary school, and high school.

Essay on Shirley Jacksons The Lottery - Message of Social Responsibili

The Message of Social Responsibility in The Lottery      Ã‚  Ã‚   Often, we paint a fairytale view of life for ourselves and our children. Sometimes, an author paints a frightfully realistic picture of life and forces us to reconsider the fairytale. In Shirley Jackson’s story, "The Lottery," a town each year conducts a lottery in which the winner or looser, in this case, is stoned to death by his or her own neighbors. The tradition is supposed to uphold social structure within the town, but in order to comprehend the true meaning of the story you must be able to read between the lines. "The Lottery" is a story about a town that has let its traditions go too far. Also, it is clear that the story contains eye-opening facts that lead me to believe that the author’s intentions were not to write a horror story, but rather cry to all to stop and realize we have problems that we can and should approach, that can make a difference in many people’s lives in our society. The author states that the lottery is conducted every year in the spring. The flowers are blooming and the birds are singing, but this warm town quickly becomes a gloomy, overcast setting for a satanic event. This horrifying ritual ends in bloodshed and death. In our society today, there are large cities which have beautiful parks and people usually keep them clean and pretty th... ...lottery, and that could lead to many more deaths of innocent people. The fact that there are places in the world today that immoral actions occur, means that we, as responsible citizens, are not doing our job. The people of America must wake up and learn to stand up for what they believe in. Works Cited Jackson, Shirley. "The Lottery." The Harper Anthology of Fiction. Ed Sylvan Barnet. New York: HarperCollins, 1986. 862-868 McQuain, Michelle. "Change Only When Affected." Ode to Friendship & Other Essays. Connie Bellamy, Virginia Beach: VWC, 1997. Walden, John. "Critical Essays by John Walden." Electric Library. http://www.elibrary.com/id/230/270/lid, 1996.